This is default featured slide 1 title

Go to Blogger edit html and find these sentences.Now replace these sentences with your own descriptions.

This is default featured slide 2 title

Go to Blogger edit html and find these sentences.Now replace these sentences with your own descriptions.

This is default featured slide 3 title

Go to Blogger edit html and find these sentences.Now replace these sentences with your own descriptions.

This is default featured slide 4 title

Go to Blogger edit html and find these sentences.Now replace these sentences with your own descriptions.

This is default featured slide 5 title

Go to Blogger edit html and find these sentences.Now replace these sentences with your own descriptions.

Saturday, October 18, 2014

How to resize a picture for job recuirement 300x300 pixels?



How to resize a picture?
Step 1: Select picture.
Step 2: Right click in the mouse.
Step 3: Open with Paint.
Step 4: Go to Home and then Resize.
Step 5: Select Pixels.
Step 6: Unmarked the maintain aspect ratio.
Step 7: Write the size in Horizontal and Vertical box.
Step 8: Then click OK.
Step 9: Finally save it.

Monday, September 15, 2014

Millennium Development Goals (MDG), Indicators for Monitoring and Targets



Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
The millennium development goals particularly the eradication of extreme poverty, the hunger cannot be achieved if questions of population and reproductive health are not squarely addressed. And that means stronger efforts to promote women’s rights, and greater investment in education and health including reproductive health and family planning. The Millennium development goals have 8 goals 16 targets and 48 indicators, which are given below:

Goal 1   :     Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
Target 1     :  Halve between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day.
Indicators for Monitoring
·         Proportion of population below $1(PPP) per day.
·         Poverty headcount ratio (% of population below the national poverty line).
·         Poverty gap ratio.(incidence X depth of poverty)
·         Share of poorest quintile in national consumption.
·         Prevalence of underweight children under-five year’s age.
·         Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption.

Target 2     :  Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.
Goal 2   :     Achieve universal primary education.
Target 3     : Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling.
Indicators for Monitoring
·         Net enrolment ratio in primary education.
·         Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5.
·         Primary completion rate.
·         Literacy rate of 15-24 year olds.

Goal 3   :     Promote gender equality and empower women.
Target 4     :  Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and in all levels of education no later than 2015.
Indicators for Monitoring
·         Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education.
·         Ratio of literate women to men 15-24 years old.
·         Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector.
·         Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament.


Goal 4   :     Reduce child mortality.
Target 5     :  Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.

Indicators for Monitoring
·         Under-five mortality rate.
·         Infant mortality rate.
·         Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measles.

Goal 5   :     Improve maternal health.
Target 6     :  Reduce by three-quarters, between1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio.
Indicators for Monitoring
·         Maternal mortality ratio.
·         Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel.
Goal 6   :     Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases,
Target 7     :  Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS.
Indicators for Monitoring
·         HIV prevalence among 15-24 year old pregnant women.
·         Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate.
·         Condom use at last high-risk sex.
·         Percentage of population aged 15-24 with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS.
·         Contraceptive prevalence rate.
·         Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14.

Target 8     :  Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.
Indicators for Monitoring
·         Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria.
·         Proportion of population in malaria risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measures.
·         Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis.
·         Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment short course(DOTS)

Goal 7   :     Ensure environmental sustainability.
Target 9     :  Integrate the principle of sustainable development into country policies and programmers and reverse the loss of environmental resources.
Indicators for Monitoring
·         Proportion of land area covered by forest.
·         Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area.
·         Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1 GDP (PPP).
·         Carbon dioxide emissions (per capita)and consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs(ODP tones)
·         Proportion of population using solid fuels.

Target 10   :  Halve, by2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
Indicators for Monitoring
·         Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural.
·         Proportion of urban and rural population with access to improved sanitation.

Target 11   :  By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers.
Indicators for Monitoring
·         Proportion of households with access to secure tenure.

Goal 8   :     Develop a global partnership for development.
Target 12   :  Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system.
Indicators for Monitoring
·         Net ODA, total and to LDCs, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors gross national income.

Target 13   :  Address the special needs of the least developed countries.
Indicators for Monitoring
·         Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC donors that is untied.

Target 14   :  Address the special needs of landlocked countries and small island developing states.
Indicators for Monitoring
·         Proportion of total developed country imports from developing countries and LDCs, admitted free of duties.

Target 15   :  Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term.
Indicators for Monitoring
·         Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative, USS.
·         Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services.

Target 16   :  In co-operation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth.
Indicators for Monitoring
·         Unemployment rate of 15-24 year-olds, each sex and total.


Target 17   :  In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries.
Indicators for Monitoring
·         Proportion of population with access to affordable, essential drugs on a sustainable basis.

Target 18   :  In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications.
Indicators for Monitoring
·         Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population.
·         Internet users per 100 populations.

References: Different books and journals

Monday, August 18, 2014

How to recharge bkash to Grameen Phone



How to recharge bkash to Grameen Phone
1.Dail *247#
2.Go to the Payment option
3.Enter  Marchant bKash A/C : 01766777333 
4. Enter Amount: Write an Extra 1 Tk from your recharge amount
5. Enter Refference No: 017233** *****(write your recharge mobile number )  
6. Enter counter No: write:  1 
7. Enter password. recharge is finished.

Monday, August 11, 2014

How to recharge through bkash


Go to Bye airtime
1. Dial *247#

2.Select Bye Airtime.

3.Select operator

4.Select your Connection.

5. Recharge Number

6.Type amount.

7. Type Pin

You will get confirmation SMS.

How to upgrade GP (Grameen Phone) 2G to 3G Internate

 How to upgrade GP (Grameen Phone) 2G to 3G Internate SIM


Step-1. Recharge sufficient money in your account.

Step-2 Buy any 3G internate package.

Step-3 Sleep/gossip to your friend.

Step-4 Nothing have to done. Your SIM has already been changed into 3G.

Step-5 Enjoy!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Monday, July 21, 2014

How to upgrade from Teletalk 2G to 3G Service?

How to upgrade from 2G to 3G Service?



To upgrade from your existing 2G to 3G services, write 3G and send to 666. The upgradation fee is Free and respective 3G package will be activated and notified through SMS.
2G Package
Code
Upgradation Fee
Procedure
Migrated To
Bijoy, PCO
666
Free
3G -> 666
Bijoy 3G
Ekush , Agami
Free
3G -> 666
Ekush 3G
Shadheen,
Shadheen66, 
Standard
Free
3G -> 666
Shadheen 3G
Any 2G or 3G
555
Free
Y3G ->555
Youth 3G
Note: For example, if Bijoy 2G package subscribers want to upgrade from 2G to 3G, write 3G and send to 666 and Bijoy 3G will be activated.
How to downgrade 3G to 2G Service?
To downgrade from 3G to 2G, write 2G and send to 666 and respective package will be activated.
Package Migration
To migrate to Bijoy 2G/3G package, write bij, for Ekush 2G/3G package, write 21, for Shadheen 2G/3G package, write sha and send to 555.

Source: http://www.teletalk.com.bd

Methods to test for the presence of Heteroscedasticity:

There are several methods to test for the presence of Heteroscedasticity:

1. Park test
2. Glejser test (1969)
3. White test
4. Breusch-Pagan test
5. Goldfeld-Quandt test
6. Cook- Weisberg test
7. Harrison-McCabe test
8. Brown-Forsythe test
9. White’s General Heteroscedasticity Test

Remedial Measures of multicollinearity

Remedial Measures of  multicollinearity:

Multicollinearity does not actually bias results; it just produces large standard errors in the related independent variables. With enough data, these errors will be reduced.
In a pure statistical sense multicollinearity does not bias the results, but if there are any other problems which could introduce bias multicollinearity can multiply ( by orders of magnitude ) the effects of that bias. More importantly, the usual use of regression is to take coefficients from the model and then apply them to other data. If the new data differs in any way from the data that was fitted we may introduce large errors in predictions because the pattern of multicollinearity between the independent variables is different in new data from the data used for your estimates. We try seeing what happens if we use independent subsets of your data for estimation and apply those estimates to the whole data set.
In addition, we may:

1) Leave the model as is, despite multicollinearity. The presence of multicollinearity doesn't affect the fitted model provided that the predictor variables follow the same pattern of multicollinearity as the data on which the regression model is based.

2) Drop one of the variables. An explanatory variable may be dropped to produce a model with significant coefficients. However, you lose information (because you've dropped a variable). Omission of a relevant variable results in biased coefficient estimates for the remaining explanatory variables.

3) Obtain more data. This is the preferred solution. More data can produce more precise parameter estimates (with lower standard errors).

4) mean-center the predictor variables. Mathematically this has no effect on the results from a regression. However, it can be useful in overcoming problems arising from rounding and other computational steps if a carefully designed computer program is not used.

5) Standardize your independent variables. This may help reduce a false flagging of a condition index above 30.

Thursday, July 17, 2014

Epidemiology Uses of Epidemiology



Epidemiology
Epidemiology is derived from the word epidemic (Epi means Among, Demos means People and Logos means Study) which is a very old word dating back to the 3rd century B.C.

Epidemiology is a strategy for the study of factors relating to the etiology, prevention and control of disease to promote health, and to efficiently allocate efforts and resources for health promotion maintenance and medical care in human population.

The scientific study of epidemics and epidemic diseases, especially the factors that influence the incidence, distribution and control of infectious diseases is called epidemiology.

Epidemiology is that field of medical science which is concerned with the relationship of various factors and conditions which determine the frequencies and distribution of an infectious process, a disease in a human community.

Epidemiology is the basic discipline in public health practices and is the basic science of the community medicine. Epidemiological studies often provided the knowledge necessary for prevention and control of disease in the community even before the related biochemical, microbiological and other information about its etiology has become available and can uncover a specific cause for a condition which is otherwise difficult by any other method.

Many authors define epidemiology differently as

  • It is a branch of medical science which treats of epidemics (Parkin, 1973)
  • The science of the mass phenomena of infectious diseases (Frost, 1927)
  • The study of disease, any disease, as a mass phenomenon (Greenwood, 1934)
  • The study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in man (MacMahon, 1960)
  • The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in populations and the application of this study to control health problems (Last, 1983)

Uses of Epidemiology
i)                    Community diagnosis i.e. what are the major health problems occurring in a community.
ii)                  Establishing the history of a disease in a population. e.g. identifying the periodicity of an infectious disease.
iii)                Describing the natural history of disease in the individual e.g. natural history of HIV infection in the individual.
iv)                Describing the clinical picture of disease i.e. who gets the disease, who dies from the disease and what is the outcome of the disease.
v)                  Estimating risk e.g. what factors increases the risk of heart disease, automobile accidents.
vi)                Identifying syndromes and precursors e.g. the relationship of high blood pressure to stroke, kidney disease, and heart disease.
vii)              Evaluating prevention/intervention programs.
viii)            Investigating epidemics/disease of unknown etiology.

Wednesday, July 16, 2014

The Petersen and Chapman Estimator and xample